First of all, please see: Penggunaan MUST vs HAVE TO

Dalam kalimat positive, hanya ada dua tensis yang tidak menggunakan auxiliary verb (aka: helping verbs; aka: kata bantu), yaitu simple present tense dan past tense dan itu pun kalau berupa kalimat aktif; bukan kalimat pasif dan bukan kalimat nominal.

1. He jogs every morning.
2. He jogged yesterday morning.

Namun demikian, dalam kalimat negative dan kalimat interrogative, semua tensis membutuhkan kata bantu untuk ditambahkan adverb NOT atau  untuk diinversi (diletakkan) di depan subjek kalimat.

1. He does not jog every morning.
2. Does he not jog every morning?
3. Doesn’t he jog every morning?
4. Does he jog every morning?
5. He did not jog yesterday morning.
6. Did he not jog yesterday morning?
7. Didn’t he jog yesterday morning?
8. Did he jog yesterday morning?

Selain kedua tensis ini, semua tensis lainnya sudah mengandung kata bantu. Misalnya:

1. I am replying your question now. (present continuous)
2. Igor has replied your question before. (present perfect)
3. Someone else will reply your question too. (simple future), dst.

Dan karena sudah mengandung kata bantu, dalam kalimat negative kita hanya perlu menambahkan NOT, sedangkan dalam kalimat interrogative kita hanya perlu menginversi kata bantu tersebut ke depan subjek kalimat.

1. I am not replying your question now. (present continuous)
2. Am I not replying your question now?
3. Aren’t I replying your question now?
4. Am I replying your question now?
5. Igor has not replied your question before. (present perfect)
6. Has Igor not replied your question before?
7. Hasn’t Igor replied your question before?
8. Has Igor replied your question before?
9. Anyone else will not reply your question either. (simple future)
10. Will anyone else not reply your question either?
11. Won’t anyone else reply your question either?
12. Will anyone else reply your question too?

Dalam present continuous tense, verb-nya selalu dalam bentuk verb phrase, yaitu:  is/am/are + verb-ing dimana verb-ing adalah main verb atau main part-nya, sedangkan is/am/are adalah helping part-nya. Begitu juga dalam present perfect tense, verb-nya selalu dalam bentuk verb phrase, yaitu:  has/have + verb3 dimana verb3 adalah main part-nya, sedangkan has/have adalah helping part-nya, dst.

Kalau kita kembali ke simple present dan past tense, kalimat negative dan interrogative-nya akan salah kalau verb phrase-nya hanya :”not jog” atau “not jogged“:

1. He not jog(s) every morning. (Grammatically incorrect)
   
2. He not jog(s) every morning? (Grammatically incorrect)
3. Not he jogs every morning? (Grammatically incorrect)
4. He jog every morning? (Grammatically incorrect)
5. He not jog(ged) yesterday morning. (Grammatically incorrect)
6. He not jog(ged) yesterday morning? (Grammatically incorrect)
7. Not he jog(ged) yesterday morning? (Grammatically incorrect)
8. He jogged yesterday morning? (Grammatically incorrect)

Jadi, maksud dari kata bantu itu membantu sebagai apa?

• Membantu main verb dalam membentuk verb phrase yang benar, baik dalam kalimat positive, negative, maupun interrogative. Perkecualiannya tentu saja pada kalimat positive dalam simple present dan past tense.

Kenapa DO munculnya pada kalimat negative dan introgative?

• Agar kalimat negative dan interrogative-nya memiliki verb phrase yang benar (it’s a rule)

Kenapa disebut kata bantu (helping verbs),  kenapa bukan disebut auxiliary verb saja?

1. auxiliary = additional; supplementary
2. auxiliary = giving support; serving as an aid; helpful (Source: auxiliary)

Moga membantu.

You’re talking about redundancy. Yes, you’re right that the inclusion of UP or DOWN into a particular word is actually not needed. For instance:

• Rise up, raise up, add up, ascend up, heat up, hurry up, lift up, open up
• fall down, descend down, drop down, kneel down, shut down, write down

In speaking, such an inclusion is used to give more stress or to convey a clearer meaning (although the described word is already clear in meaning). In formal writing (in a test, for example), however, such an inclusion should be avoided.

What about wake up? The inclusion of UP here is not considered redundant because both words are different in meaning. WAKE = action “membuka mata (dari tidur)”, while UP = movement “ke atas”. Let’s compare to “rise up”: RISE = action “naik”, while UP = movement “ke atas”. “fall down”. Fall = action “jatuh”, while DOWN = movement “ke bawah”.

I’ll post a list of common redundancies soon, but for the time being, if you’d like, please see:

1. Penggunaan UP and DOWN
2. Penggunaan GO BACK, COME BACK, and RETURN BACK
   

1. Are you hungry?
2. are they sad?
3. are we student?

Pola kalimat: S + V (predikat) + O + M.

Dalam membuat kalimat tanya, kita berpatokan pada predikat. Kalau predikatnya berupa kata kerja (verb), dalam simple present tense kita gunakan DO atau DOES. Sebaliknya, kalau predikatnya bukan kata kerja (see: kalimat nominal), dalam simple present tense kita gunakan be IS, AM atau ARE. Begitu juga dalam kalimat negatif.

Sedangkan dalam simple past tense, kalau predikatnya berupa kata kerja (verb), kita gunakan kata bantu DID. Sebaliknya, kalau predikatnya bukan kata kerja, kita gunakan be WAS atau WERE.

Semua contoh kalimat di posting di atas menggunakan kata kerja, olehnya itu, baik kalimat tanya maupun kalimat negatif kita membutuhkan kata bantu DO, DOES, atau DID.

Setelah Andywan membaca posting Kalimat Nominal, please translate the following three sentences into English.

1. Apakah dia lapar?
2. Apakah mereka sedih?
3. Apakah kita murid?