Pada umumnya, penggunaan kata depan BY adalah sebagai berikut:
a. by + the/a/adjective pronoun + tempat
Phrase ini memiliki dua arti, yaitu: ” melewati” dan ” di dekat”. Jika kalimatnya menggunakan verb yang mengandung makna “bergerak/berpindah tempat”, by = melewati (Lihat contoh 1-2). Sebaliknya, jika kalimatnya menggunakan verb yang bermakna “tidak berpindah tempat”, maka by = di dekat. (Lihat contoh 3-5).
Contoh:
- They walked by the library on the way home. (Mereka berjalan melewati perpustakaan itu dalam perjalanan pulang).
- We drove by your house last weekend but we completely forgot to stop by. (Kami naik mobil melewati rumahmu, tetapi kami benar-benar lupa untuk singgah).
- The young girl was crying by a telephone post when her parents picked her up. (Gadis kecil itu sedang menangis di dekat sebuah tiang telepon ketika orang tuanya menjemputnya).
- She stands by the window every night thinking of her long distance lover. (Dia berdiri di dekat jendela tiap malam memikirkan kekasihnya nun jauh di sana).
- I just parked my car by yours. (Aku baru saja memarkir mobilku di dekat mobilmu).
b. by + object kalimat
Phrase ini digunakan dalam kalimat pasif. Dalam hal ini, by = oleh.
Contoh:
- The company is being sued by its laborers. (Perusahaan itu sedang dituntut (di meja pengadilan) oleh buruh-buruhnya).
- My cellphone was stolen by someone this morning. (Hpku dicuri oleh seseorang tadi pagi).
c. by + specific time
Yang dimaksud dengan specific time di sini antara lain: jam (7 o’clock, 8 a.m, 12 p.m, dst), atau dawn (subuh), noon, midday (jam 12 siang), dusk (magrib), midnight (jam 12 malam). Jika diikuti oleh specific time, by = before (= sebelum).
Contoh:
- Meet me by noon tomorrow! (Temui aku sebelum jam 12 siang besok).
- They usually have dinner by 7 o’clock in the evening. (Mereka biasanya makan malam sebelum jam 7 malam).
- We will arrive there by midnight. (Kita akan tiba di sana sebelum jam 12 malam).
d. by + bus/plane/train/ship/car/bike, dst
Phrase ini menyatakan alat tranportasi yang digunakan untuk pindah atau bepergian.
Contoh:
- It was very fascinating to travel by train during the fall. I could enjoy an unforgettable view of colorful leaves along the train tracks.
- It would be much nicer to go to the office by car than by bus.
e. by then
By then = sebelum waktu tertentu di masa lampau atau di masa mendatang.
Contoh:
- I will graduate from the university in 2011. By then, I hope I have found a job. (di kalimat ini, by then = sebelum tahun 2011).
- Soeharto died last year. By then, he had governed our country for more than 30 years. (di kalimat ini, by then = sebelum tahun lalu).
f. by way of
By way of = via (= melalui)
Contoh:
- We drove from Surabaya to Jakarta by way of Jalur Pantura.
- Many ships cruise from Europe to Asia by way of the Suez Canal.
g. by the way
By the way = incidentally = secara tak sengaja/secara kebetulan.
Contoh:
- By the way, I’ve got two tickets for the movie. Would you like to go with me?
By the way juga berarti “omong-omong”, biasanya digunakan untuk membelokkan arah pembicaraan.
Contoh:
- By the way, are you married?
h. by far
By far = considerably
Contoh:
- This is by far the best cellphone I’ve ever had.
- By far, you’re the most beautiful, caring, loving person I have ever met.
i. by accident/by mistake
By accident/by mistake = not intentionally (= dengan tidak disengaja); dan merupakan antonim (kebalikan) dari on purpose.
Contoh:
- Even though the student broke the microscope by accident, he had to be responsible for the repairing expense.
- I didn’t do it on purpose. It happened by accident.
5 comments
imranraif09
July 22, 2010
Halo Guru
Aqu sudah bolak-balik mengscrol page ini tapi masih sulit/ragu memahami makna BY WHICH dalam paragraf berikut:
CRITICISM
Criticism is the analysis and judgment of works of art. It tries to interpret and to evaluate such works and to examine the principles by which they may be understood. Criticism attempts to promote high standards among artists and to encourage the appreciation of art. It also helps society remain aware
of the value of both past and present works of art.
Please help me ^_^
Swara Bhaskara
July 22, 2010
Halo juga Imran. How are you? It’s been a long time. Where have you been?
Di topik Penggunaan Which, kita telah bahas bagaimana kita menggunakan which dalam adjective clause, yang pada prinsipnya, which adalah menggantikan atau menerangkan noun yang di depannya. Sebelum kita menjawab pertanyaan di atas, mari kita pahami dulu contoh berikut:
I can’t find the book. You lent me the book.
dapat kita gabung menjadi:
I can’t find the book which you lent me.
Di kalimat ini, which mengantikan/menerangkan the book. Tidak ada preposition by, from, to dst, karena di kedua kalimat asalnya tidak ada preposition.
Sekarang bandingkan dengan yang berikut:
That car is nice, isn’t it? I came here by that car.
Kalau kita gabung menjadi:
That car which I came here is nice, isn’t it?
maknanya berbeda (bahkan tidak bermakna sama sekali) karena by-nya kita buang.
Kalimat yang benar adalah:
That car by which I came here is nice, isn’t it?
Begitu juga pada kalimat berikut:
Cynthia from whom I got your invitation can’t come to your party tonight.
Dan begitu juga pada:
…..the principles by which they may be understood.
yang pada prinsipnya bermakna “…the principles. They may be understood by the principles“.
imranraif09
July 22, 2010
I am so touched by your reply, nice as usual. I should greet and “how are you” you first.
How are you, Sir? I pray for your health
and now please ask me back “how are you” question please and I then would glad that I am OK and getting much OK by the response of yours.
– It’s about a manner every pupil should has —
Well, I have tried another method of learning english i.e watching english movie without subtitle, reading a lot of selected english article and writing as many article as I could handle. I did watch this site regularly and am aware that this site increased in size about 230 MB at its host. I have every single page of the site where I could read it offline.
I temporary stopped facebooking as I thought it took me slowly mastering english. actually I have a collection of questions I would someday address to you, please don’t mind Guru…
Sorry I just expressed my thought freely. so many mistakes maybe… ^_^
Swara Bhaskara
July 22, 2010
Greeting is not a big deal for me. So, don’t worry about it!
Frankly, I once had a thought that you had already got bored to learn English because you never showed up or made comments here any more. But you have proved me wrong. In fact, you have scarified yourself from the fun you usually got from the Facebook. It’s nice to hear that. And as a result, now I can feel the steady improvement you’ve got in English. Congratulation.
Mistakes? Although there are still some minor errors, I would prefer not to correct them right now. But I recommend that you read it again in your spare time. I believe you can spot and correct them by yourself.
Swara Bhaskara
July 22, 2010
By the way, I am not surprised to know that you’re capable of knowing the size of my blog’s files. As an IT student, you should be. But, don’t think of hacking them, ever!