Sir, I’m still confused about Gerund. I would like to ask you what is the difference between “Rain” and “Raining”? If I want to say “Hujan sangat menyenangkan”, how should I say?

Thank you. 

I am a student of English department  but until now, I am still confused of/about using (present) participles. What is the difference between GERUNDS and (present) PARTICIPLES or how can we differentiate a GERUND from a (present) PARTICIPLE?

Before we discuss the difference between the two further, would you please provide us with a sentence or two containing such a verb-ing(s)? Thanks.

Please answer my questions. Thanks ^_^ 

Ya, dalam simple past tense, dengan mengikuti pola:

S + verb2 + O + M

S : I
verb2 : enjoyed
O : being with you
M : last night

“being with you” tergolong gerund/gerundive phrase. Apa fungsi being? Untuk membentuk noun. Buktinya, phrase “being with you” dapat kita ganti dengan pronoun “it” sehingga kalimatnya menjadi:

“I enjoyed it last night”

Contoh lain:

I enjoyed the movie last night.
I enjoyed it last night.

Kenapa digunakan being? Karena setelah verb enjoyed diikuti oleh a non-verb. Kalau diikuti oleh a verb, kalimatnya misalnya:

I enjoyed sitting beside you last night.
I enjoyed watching the movie with you last night.

Kenapa digunakan simple past tense? Karena hanya mengacu ke satu action in the past. Kalau merupakan regularitas in present time, misalnya, “aku (selalu) menikmati saat-saat bersama dengan kamu”, ya benar, dalam hal ini kita gunakan simpe present tense:

I (always) enjoy being with you.

2. “The teacher gave us a choice of taking another exam” dan “The teacher gave us a choice to take another exam” keduanya benar. Kalimat 1 lebih menekankan pada bahwa verb setelah preposition adalah dalam bentuk gerund, sedangkan kalimat 2 mengikuti pola Penggunaan invinitive setelah noun

3. Grammatically, beberapa phrasal verb memang begitu adanya (sudah pasangannya), namun ada beberapa phrasal verb yang prepositionnya dapat berubah tanpa merubah makna. misalnya: talk about = talk of; think about = think of; dst. Tapi, untuk intent of akan incorrect kalau intent in.

4. YUP, tanpa ON juga benar. “keep believing, keep looking“. Begitu juga verb Believe, tanpa IN juga benar: I believe you. I still believe in you.

5. Past perfect. Perhatikan polanya: S + HAD verb3 + …; Kalau present perfect, polanya: S + HAVE/HAS verb3 + …
Sebagai modifier, tensisnya tidak mutlak harus sama dengan tensis main clause. Di kalimat ini, modifier ini adalah dalam past tense:

I had had a very bad english before I read these articles.

NOTE: di sini, read adalah verb2.
Nah, karena subject di sub-clause ini sama dengan subjeck main clause, maka dapat kita reduksi dengan menghilangkan subject dan merubah verb-nya menjadi verb-ing.

I had had a very bad english before reading these articles.

Kalau subjectnya tidak sama:

Budi had met Anita before you met her.

Jangan direduksi menjadi:

Budi had met Anita before meeting her.

karena maknanya berubah menjadi:

Budi had met Anita before Budi met her.

Bagaimana dengan:

“I had had a very bad english before being read those articles”?

“before being read” = sebelum dibaca.
before being read those articles = sebelum dibaca artikel-artikel itu.
before being read by those articles = sebelum dibaca oleh artikel-artikel itu.
Gak nyambung.

Kapan kita gunakan tensis yang sama (parallelism)?
Contoh:

Budi played the piano, Anggara played the guitar, and Anita sang a song.

INCORRECT kalau:

Budi played the piano, Anggara played the guitar, and Anita sings a song.

6. BECAUSE diikuti oleh a clause, sedangkan BECAUSE OF diikuti oleh noun/noun phrase.

I made that mistake because I was stupid.
I made that mistake becuase of my stupidity.

7. ‘s (‘+ aphostrope) di sini menyatakan kepunyaan, bukan kontraksi dari be ‘is“. Selain dinyatakan dengan possessive adjective, kepunyaan juga dapat dinyatakan ‘s.

1. They resented the teacher’s not announcing the exam sooner.
2. We all regret Danny’s not going to school anymore
3. Before my sister’s leaving for Bali next week, my parents are going to have a small gathering at home this weekend.
4. My father doesn’t approve of my brother’s marrying her.

Kalau the teacher dan Danny adalah cowok, keempat kalimat ini dapat ditulis:
1. They resented his not announcing the exam sooner.
2. We all regret his not going to school anymore
3. Before her leaving for Bali next week, my parents are going to have a small gathering at home this weekend.
4. My father doesn’t approve of his marrying her.

Bingung dengan “my sister’s leaving for Bali” dan “my brother’s marrying her“?
The main owner dari gerund phrase “leaving for Bali” adalah sister. Sister-nya siapa? Sisterku (my sister), sedangkan the main owner dari gerund phrase “marrying her” adalah brother; Broter-nya siapa? Brother-ku.

Well, seperti kita lihat, the main owner adalah person (or noun) yang letaknya langsung di depan noun yang dimilikinya.
Contoh lain:
House; House siapa? Father; Father siapa? Boyfriend; Boyfriend siapa? Aku

my boyfriend’s father’s house.

House; House siapa? Father; Father siapa? Boyfriend; Boyfriend siapa? Cynthia

Cynthia’s boyfriend’s father’s house.

NOTE: Di kedua contoh ini, the main owner of the house adalah father, sedangkan boyfriend hanya menerangkan father dan my & Cynthia hanya menerangkan boyfriend.

and then sir, bagian “nouns+prepositions+gerunds”
contoh kalimatnya kan seperti ini:
“the teacher gave us a choice of taking another exam.”
kalau dirubah jadi “the teacher gave us a choice to take another exam” bisa ga sir? (soalnya kalu diartikan ke bahasa indonesia kan ada unsur untuknya “guru itu memberi kami pilihan “untuk” mengikuti ujian lagi) jadi preposition “of” nya dihilangkan. atau tidak boleh sir karena sudah satu kesatuan?
because i read your explanation about bagaimana agar bisa membedakan penggunaan -ing dan infinitive “Gunakan infinitives jika action dari verbB akan dilakukan setelah action dari verbA, dan “to” (di infinitives tersebut) dapat diartikan “untuk” .”
i can’t understand it clearly sir

and then, apakah kata-kata yang biasa diikuti preposition seperti believe in, interested in, afraid of, keep on, intent of, etc adalah mutlak pasangannya seperti itu? misalkan intent of menjadi inten in, etc.

terus saya pernah mendengar kata-kata ini sir “keep believing, keep looking, etc” itu tidak pakai preposition “on” tapi ditambah gerund. jadi gimana sir?

nah terus juga pas di bagian “GERUNDS AS MODIFIER”
misalkan contoh kalimatnya yang diatas
“I had had a very bad english before reading these articles”
itu kalimatnya present perfect bukan sir?
kenapa yang setelah preposition tidak dalam bentuk tenses yang sama misal jadi “I had had a very bad english before being read those articles”?

the difference among of “because of” and “because” is “because of” is followed by verb sedangkan “because” is followed by noun, is it correct sir about the difference among of those words?

and i’m still confused about using of pronouns before gerund sir.
pada contoh kalimat misalnya:
1. They resented the teacher’s not announcing the exam sooner. (Mereka menyesalkan pak guru yang tidak mengumumkan ujian lebih awal).
2. We all regret Danny’s not going to school anymore
3. Before my sister’s leaving for Bali next week, my parents are going to have a small gathering at home this weekend.
4. My father doesn’t approve of my brother’s marrying her.
pada kalimat-kalimat tersebut apa semua “‘s” maknanya possesive?
tapi saya bingung sir, kan yang pada kalimat-kalimat nomer 3 dan 4 sudah ada “my” yang artinya kepunyaan (possesive) kenapa ditambah “‘s” lagi sir? apa maksud ‘s nya itu “to be” dari “is”?
kalau seperti itu, dimana letak posessive pada kalimat nomer 1 dan 2?

thank you for your attention.
and please reply it ya sir. hehehe
you are a kind teacher, sir

Main verb dalam bentuk simple present (i.e. I regret) karena pada saat dibicarakan perasaan nyesel masih menggelayut di hati.